مميز : °¨¨™¤¦ أطلب بحثك، مشروعك أو تقريرك الإنجليزي ¦¤™¨¨° - الصفحة 12

jnoon · #1 03-16-2008, 09:27 PM

السلام عليكم..

الله يعينك الصراحه..
بس أنا عندي طلبـ..

أبي تقرير عنـ..water cycle

وأبي يجهز باجر بأي وقت ممكنـ؟؟ __DEFINE_LIKE_SHARE__

ToX!c · 04-23-2008, 07:18 PM

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة jnoon

السلام عليكم..

الله يعينك الصراحه..
بس أنا عندي طلبـ..

أبي تقرير عنـ..water cycle

وأبي يجهز باجر بأي وقت ممكنـ؟؟

Water covers 70% of the earth's surface and is vital to all living things. Water is always circulating between the earth's surface and the atmosphere in the water cycle.

Many processes work together to keep the Earth's water moving in a cycle. There are five processes at work in the hydrologic cycle:

1. Condensation

Condensation is the process of water changing from a vapour to a liquid. Water vapour in the air rises mostly by convection. This means that warm, humid air will rise, while cooler air will flow downward. As the warmer air rises, the water vapour will lose energy, causing its temperature to drop. The water vapour then has a change of state into liquid or ice.

2. Precipitation

Precipitation is water being released from clouds as rain, sleet, snow, or hail. Precipitation begins after water vapour, which has condensed in the atmosphere, becomes too heavy to remain in atmospheric air currents and falls.

3. Infiltration

A portion of the precipitation that reaches the Earth's surface seeps into the ground through the process called infiltration.

The amount of water that infiltrates the soil varies with the degree of land slope, the amount and type of vegetation, soil type and rock type, and whether the soil is already saturated by water. The more openings in the surface (cracks, pores, joints), the more infiltration occurs. Water that doesn't infiltrate the soil flows on the surface as runoff.

4. Runoff

Precipitation that reaches the surface of the Earth but does not infiltrate the soil is called runoff. Runoff can also come from melted snow and ice.

When there is a lot of precipitation, soils become saturated with water. Additional rainfall can no longer enter it. Runoff will eventually drain into creeks, streams, and rivers, adding a large amount of water to the flow. Surface water always travels towards the lowest point possible, usually the oceans. Along the way some water evaporates, percolates into the ground, or is used for agricultural, residential, or industrial purposes.

5. And evapotranspiration.

Evapotranspiration is water evaporating from the ground and transpiration by plants. Evapotranspiration is also the way water vapour re-enters the atmosphere.

Evaporation occurs when radiant energy from the sun heats water, causing the water molecules to become so active that some of them rise into the atmosphere as vapour.

Explanation 1

Together, these five processes - condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and evapotranspiration- make up the Hydrologic Cycle. Water vapour condenses to form clouds, which result in precipitation when the conditions are suitable. Precipitation falls to the surface and infiltrates the soil or flows to the ocean as runoff. Surface water (e.g., lakes, streams, oceans, etc.), evaporates, returning moisture to the atmosphere, while plants return water to the atmosphere by transpiration.

Explanation 2

Heat from the sun makes water evaporate from the oceans, rivers and lakes forming water vapour.

As the water vapour rises it cools and starts to condense and become water again. This forms clouds.

As the clouds get cooler the water droplets become bigger and bigger. Eventually they fall as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.

The water then runs back into the oceans, rivers and lakes and the cycle repeats!

Water is the lifeblood of industry. It is used as a raw material, a coolant, a solvent, a transport agent, and as a source of energy. A regular sized family car coming off the assembly line, for example, will have used at least 120 000 litres of water – 80 000 to produce its tonne of steel and 40 000 more for the actual fabrication process. Many thousands more litres of water are involved in the manufacture of its plastic, glass, fabric components. Manufacturing accounted for 14% of water withdrawals in 1996. Paper and allied products, primary metals, and chemicals were the three main industrial users.

Fertilisers that are leached from the soil or washed from the crop or soil in runoff may enter local surface or groundwater bodies, with the possibility of reaching surface water-bodies such as rivers, lakes, lagoons, estuaries and coastal marine environments.

Increased pesticide use, if indiscriminate, can have severe impacts on water supplies by way of drainage channels, runoff to surface water-bodies, or leaching to ground-waters.

Factors that bring about the eutrophication process are nutrient enrichment with phosphorous and nitrogen; a carbon source of carbon dioxide; favourable temperatures; and non-turbid water. If the three latter conditions are favourable nutrient concentrations of 0.3 parts per million nitrogen and 10 parts per billion phosphorous will bring about eutrophication.

Eutrophication also degrades the aesthetic qualities of surface water bodies by inducing excessive algal scum and growth of aquatic weeds, as well as undesirable colour, taste and odour.

Potential environmental impacts associated with the termination of agrochemical use include polluted surface and ground waters

Mitigation measures to minimise impacts associated with post operation of agrochemical projects will depend on the purposes for which the land is to be used. Potential measures include proper disposal of unused agrochemicals, containers and equipment used for application. In addition contaminated areas (particularly water bodies) may need to be fenced off and warning signs erected or, preferably, remedial action taken.

Soil and water quality should be regularly monitored; the frequency of which will depend on the purpose for which the land is to be used.

What is meant by the term water hardness and how do we measure it?

The hardness of water depends on the amount of calcium and magnesium salts contained. The greatest part of the hard water is built by hydrogen carbonates.

You measure the water hardness in "DEUTSCHEN HÄRTEGRADEN" (°dH)

· Water: 0 -7 °dH > is soft water

· Water: 8 -15 °dH > is middle-hard water

· Water: more than 15°dH > is hard water

Temporary hardness can simply be removed by boiling the water.

Permanent hardness can be removed by adding sodium carbonate.

Hard water contains dissolved compounds which are good for health. It often provides calcium to strengthen bones, and there is evidence of people who live in hard water areas as they have reduced risk of heart disease. Using hard water can increase cost as more soap is needed.
Some hard water decomposes when it is boiled.

Ca(HCO3)2 à CaCO3 + H2O + CO2

This is the reverse of the reaction which forms the hard water in the first place.

Water will dissolve a little bit of most things, but the polar nature of the water molecule results in water molecules orienting themselves around charged particles making ions and polar molecules the most soluble. This is why it is used as a solvent. __DEFINE_LIKE_SHARE__

حلا الدنيا · 03-20-2008, 04:26 AM

السلام عليكم
بصراحه هالمنتدى حلووو مره واللي خلاني اسجل فيه هو هالقسم اللي هو قسم الانجليزي

المهم انا طالبة جامعة ابي بحث عن مراسم التسمية او تشييع الجنازه في اي مكان في العالم بالانجليزي بس باسرع وووووووووووووقت بليييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييز
ومشكور __DEFINE_LIKE_SHARE__

ToX!c · 04-23-2008, 07:23 PM

المشاركة الأصلية كتبت بواسطة حلا الدنيا

السلام عليكم
بصراحه هالمنتدى حلووو مره واللي خلاني اسجل فيه هو هالقسم اللي هو قسم الانجليزي
المهم انا طالبة جامعة ابي بحث عن مراسم التسمية او تشييع الجنازه في اي مكان في العالم بالانجليزي بس باسرع وووووووووووووقت بليييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييييز
ومشكور

Death and Burial

When a Muslim knows that they are dying relatives and friends are sent for; these people gather around the bed. The dying person must then ask for forgiveness from God and their loved ones. If possible, the last word spoken or heard by a dying Muslim is ‘God’, this is also the first word heard by a Muslim, just after they are born.

As soon as possible, after the person has died, friends and family must give the body a final ritual washing and pray. Those people chosen to wash the body must be of the same sex and a close member of the family. This ritual washing can either take place in a mosque, in the home or in a community facility. After this washing has taken place the body is anointed with spices or scents, and then wrapped in clean, white, unstitched cloth from head to toe. The amount of cloth differs from male to female; men are covered in three pieces of cloth and five for a woman. During this procedure incense must be burnt.

The body is now washed and dressed appropriately and is carried on foot to the chosen site for burial. Muslims often have their own cemeteries or small plots of land for burying the dead, for the simple reason that the body’s head must be facing makkah when placed in the ground. Muslim prefer not to bury the dead in a coffin, so not to waste valuable wood, the body is often advised to be placed in a coffin to follow special health regulations.

There is no difference in how the corpse is dressed, whether the person was rich or poor, important or humble in death and in Allah’s eyes they are the same. No expenses are to be made at the funeral. The funeral must be simple; leaders do not have a special cemetery, but the same funeral as others of less importance.

While the body is being lowered into the ground the mourners say the following:

‘In the name of God

We commit you to the earth, according to the Way of the Prophet of God.’

The mourners then sprinkle down a little earth while saying:

‘We created you from it, and return you to it, and from it we will raise you a second time.’ (Surah 20:55)

The body is then covered up with remaining earth. The money the family would otherwise spend on a tombstone is given to charity. There is to be no other writing on the grave except the person’s name.

Mourning is very strict after a Muslim funeral, mourning can last for a few days or up to forty days during this time the family must not attend any happy parties or celebrations, even weddings. On the seventh and fortieth days there are some time special meals held for the friends and family. Widows are allowed to mourn for four months and ten days, they must not remarry in this period but are able to afterwards. While the family are mourning friends often bring food to offer support and to comfort the family with prayers.

Islam does not discourage grieving which it considers a mercy from God. Even the Prophet Muhammad wept when his infant son Ibrahim, the only son born to his wife Miriam, died. He said, "The eyes shed tears and the heart feels pain, but we utter only what pleases our God. O Ibrahim! We are aggrieved at your demise." The Prophet also wept when his granddaughter died. Then the Prophet said to his followers, "This weeping is the mercy that God has placed in the hearts of his servants."

‘God fixes the time-span for all things. It is He who causes both laughter and grief; it is He who causes people to die and to be born; it is He who causes male and female; it is He who will re-create us anew.’ (surah 53:42-47)

‘When a person dies his deeds come to an end except in respect of three matters which are left behind: a continuing charity, knowledge which still brings benefit, and righteous offspring to pray for him. (Hadith)

‘It is Allah who gives you life, then gives you death; then He will gather you together for the day of judgement.’ (surah 45.26)

These verses would help to encourage a Muslim to have faith in where their loved ones are and that one day they will be rejoined, on the day of judgement. To remind them that life is a gift and only Allah can decide when some one will born and when they will die.

After grieving Muslims are comforted from their belief that on the day of judgement they will be reunited with the ones they loved and lost. Muslims believe that throughout their lives they have two angels with them and watching them, keeping a record of their good and bad deeds. This book of deeds will then be handed over to Allah on judgement day. Allah will decide whether they are truly sorry for the bad they have done and if so reward them in heaven.

Here is a description of Paradise and Hell found in the Qur’an,

‘On that day, there will be joyful faces of people in the garden of delights. A gushing fountain shall be there and soft couches with goblets placed before them, silk cushions and rich carpets.’

‘On that day, there will be downcast faces of broken and worn out, burnt by scorching fire and drinking from a boiling fountain. Their only food will be bitter thorns.’

Some people don’t believe in life after death other people don’t understand and do not care whether there is life after death at all, Muslims are positive that all life belongs to Allah and one day he will return, from this belief they can take happiness with remembering that their dead friend is going on to a better place where they can be closer to Allah, and that one day they will join them.

Not to care about life after death is illogical, we all know that humans die.

‘Does Man think that we shall not assemble his bones?

Yes, surely, yes-We are able to restore his finger-prints.’

The parting may seen long for the people currently left behind, these people carry out family festivals each year to remember the dead and pray regularly, this keeps drawing them close to their lost ones and Allah.

A Muslim also does not look at death as final. In fact, the term used for death is Intekal (crossing over to the next and eternal life). To the Muslim, death is simply the return of the soul to Him who gave it, the last stage of the journey from earth to God. Parents may request that a dying infant or one who has died be turned to face the holy city of Mecca. That way, the infant may begin the journey home to god.

Muslims believe that children go straight to heaven, if a parent has lost a child some say it is their ticket to heaven and that it is a blessing in disguise, they find comfort in believing that in heaven Muhammad (peace be upon him) is sitting under a tree surrounded by children, Allah asks these children “what can I do for you know” the children then answer “bring my mum and dad.”

In the Qur’an life after death is not described in a spiritual sense, rather in a physical way, they bury the dead bodies quickly before they start to decay. This is the reason why Muslims do not burn corpses or have them cremated. They believe that every one will be raised back to life again on the day of judgement (not the souls but their bodies).

Life and death, therefore, are both integral parts of the Muslim way of life and their views on death have implications on how they live day to day. Death is not the end but follows on from this life in a natural way and Allah chooses the time of death for each person and will choose what happens in the afterlife. __DEFINE_LIKE_SHARE__

sckolfield · 04-01-2008, 03:26 PM

مرحبا اخوي ما عليك امارة بغيت تقرير عن السياحة في اي بلد بالانجليزي او مضمن بجدول نسبة السياح خلال عدة اعوام او تسلم __DEFINE_LIKE_SHARE__

المواضيع المتشابهه
الموضوع	كاتب الموضوع	المنتدى	مشاركات	آخر مشاركة
لدينا ذهب سائل (زيت الزيتون) اطلب يصلك إلى بيتك وبسعر مميز..	محروم.كوم	منتدى أخبار المواقع والمنتديات العربية والأجنبية	0	07-17-2010 09:10 AM
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تقريرك لا يمكن معالجتها	محروم.كوم	منتدى أخبار المواقع والمنتديات العربية والأجنبية	0	08-03-2009 04:20 PM
بحبك انا بحبك ... نغمة البوم باسكال مشعلاني الجديد 2009	محروم.كوم	منتدى أخبار المواقع والمنتديات العربية والأجنبية	0	07-08-2009 10:50 AM