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السلام عليكم لو سمحتوا بس اريد ريبورت عن البقرة مع ملخصه بس اريد الملخص يكون نص صفحة والريبورت تكون اربع او خمس صفحات بليز اريدة باجر اخر يوم والله عيزت وانا ادور علية بلــــــــــــيز اترياكم |
يا الله وينكم اريد ضروري والله باجر اخر يوم |
ربي يعطيك آلف عآآفيهـ خيوو وربي يعينك ع آلطلبآآت ^^ |
اقتباس:
Water covers 70% of the earth's surface and is vital to all living things. Water is always circulating between the earth's surface and the atmosphere in the water cycle. Many processes work together to keep the Earth's water moving in a cycle. There are five processes at work in the hydrologic cycle: 1. Condensation Condensation is the process of water changing from a vapour to a liquid. Water vapour in the air rises mostly by convection. This means that warm, humid air will rise, while cooler air will flow downward. As the warmer air rises, the water vapour will lose energy, causing its temperature to drop. The water vapour then has a change of state into liquid or ice. 2. Precipitation Precipitation is water being released from clouds as rain, sleet, snow, or hail. Precipitation begins after water vapour, which has condensed in the atmosphere, becomes too heavy to remain in atmospheric air currents and falls. 3. Infiltration A portion of the precipitation that reaches the Earth's surface seeps into the ground through the process called infiltration. The amount of water that infiltrates the soil varies with the degree of land slope, the amount and type of vegetation, soil type and rock type, and whether the soil is already saturated by water. The more openings in the surface (cracks, pores, joints), the more infiltration occurs. Water that doesn't infiltrate the soil flows on the surface as runoff. 4. Runoff Precipitation that reaches the surface of the Earth but does not infiltrate the soil is called runoff. Runoff can also come from melted snow and ice. When there is a lot of precipitation, soils become saturated with water. Additional rainfall can no longer enter it. Runoff will eventually drain into creeks, streams, and rivers, adding a large amount of water to the flow. Surface water always travels towards the lowest point possible, usually the oceans. Along the way some water evaporates, percolates into the ground, or is used for agricultural, residential, or industrial purposes. 5. And evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration is water evaporating from the ground and transpiration by plants. Evapotranspiration is also the way water vapour re-enters the atmosphere. Evaporation occurs when radiant energy from the sun heats water, causing the water molecules to become so active that some of them rise into the atmosphere as vapour. Explanation 1 Together, these five processes - condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and evapotranspiration- make up the Hydrologic Cycle. Water vapour condenses to form clouds, which result in precipitation when the conditions are suitable. Precipitation falls to the surface and infiltrates the soil or flows to the ocean as runoff. Surface water (e.g., lakes, streams, oceans, etc.), evaporates, returning moisture to the atmosphere, while plants return water to the atmosphere by transpiration. Explanation 2 Heat from the sun makes water evaporate from the oceans, rivers and lakes forming water vapour. As the water vapour rises it cools and starts to condense and become water again. This forms clouds. As the clouds get cooler the water droplets become bigger and bigger. Eventually they fall as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. The water then runs back into the oceans, rivers and lakes and the cycle repeats! Water is the lifeblood of industry. It is used as a raw material, a coolant, a solvent, a transport agent, and as a source of energy. A regular sized family car coming off the assembly line, for example, will have used at least 120 000 litres of water – 80 000 to produce its tonne of steel and 40 000 more for the actual fabrication process. Many thousands more litres of water are involved in the manufacture of its plastic, glass, fabric components. Manufacturing accounted for 14% of water withdrawals in 1996. Paper and allied products, primary metals, and chemicals were the three main industrial users. Fertilisers that are leached from the soil or washed from the crop or soil in runoff may enter local surface or groundwater bodies, with the possibility of reaching surface water-bodies such as rivers, lakes, lagoons, estuaries and coastal marine environments. Increased pesticide use, if indiscriminate, can have severe impacts on water supplies by way of drainage channels, runoff to surface water-bodies, or leaching to ground-waters. Factors that bring about the eutrophication process are nutrient enrichment with phosphorous and nitrogen; a carbon source of carbon dioxide; favourable temperatures; and non-turbid water. If the three latter conditions are favourable nutrient concentrations of 0.3 parts per million nitrogen and 10 parts per billion phosphorous will bring about eutrophication. Eutrophication also degrades the aesthetic qualities of surface water bodies by inducing excessive algal scum and growth of aquatic weeds, as well as undesirable colour, taste and odour. Potential environmental impacts associated with the termination of agrochemical use include polluted surface and ground waters Mitigation measures to minimise impacts associated with post operation of agrochemical projects will depend on the purposes for which the land is to be used. Potential measures include proper disposal of unused agrochemicals, containers and equipment used for application. In addition contaminated areas (particularly water bodies) may need to be fenced off and warning signs erected or, preferably, remedial action taken. Soil and water quality should be regularly monitored; the frequency of which will depend on the purpose for which the land is to be used. What is meant by the term water hardness and how do we measure it? The hardness of water depends on the amount of calcium and magnesium salts contained. The greatest part of the hard water is built by hydrogen carbonates. You measure the water hardness in "DEUTSCHEN HÄRTEGRADEN" (°dH) · Water: 0 -7 °dH > is soft water · Water: 8 -15 °dH > is middle-hard water · Water: more than 15°dH > is hard water Temporary hardness can simply be removed by boiling the water. Permanent hardness can be removed by adding sodium carbonate. Hard water contains dissolved compounds which are good for health. It often provides calcium to strengthen bones, and there is evidence of people who live in hard water areas as they have reduced risk of heart disease. Using hard water can increase cost as more soap is needed. Some hard water decomposes when it is boiled. Ca(HCO3)2 à CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 This is the reverse of the reaction which forms the hard water in the first place. Water will dissolve a little bit of most things, but the polar nature of the water molecule results in water molecules orienting themselves around charged particles making ions and polar molecules the most soluble. This is why it is used as a solvent. |
اقتباس:
On arrival at our stop we almost fall out of the bus and spill into the station. We slot our tickets into the machine, push through the barrier and begin our descent down some steps that look as if they are the original ones built in January 1863. The walls however are adorned with enticing posters of the latest London shows. I am dragged down the steps by a huge wave of people frantically dashing to get their train. Everyone seems intent on catching the rapidly approaching tube. Will there be no other one today? The noise of the crowds sounds like a swarm of angry bees rushing around my head. The train comes to a halt and people push and shove showing no concern for their neighbour. People are struggling terribly to get off and in the chaos I fear I may lose sight of my family. Eventually we squeeze on but as the train pulls off I begin to feel sick amongst the fat, sweaty, middle-aged men that I am sandwiched between. I am relieved and delighted when I my mum signals that the next stop is ours. I escape as quickly as the crowds allow and breathe a sigh of relief. I, along with my family, dash up the escalator, through security and out into the open. As we finally see the natural light of the sun again burning consistently in the pale blue sky, .pounding on each and every head shuffling through the hectic crowds, I think to myself that maybe walking is preferable to the underground. Our station is called The Monument so as I expect we have to travel only about a 100 metres to reach it. It still takes longer than I imagine though because the only way to reach it is to barge through the crowds of people. Everything in London seems to be speeded up. It is like Nottingham city centre on some crazy, energy-boosting drugs: like the ones many athletes are being caught taking. Shops either side of me are bulging with customers and no doubt prospering immensely from all these tourists. People all around me are being drawn in, enticed by the carefully laid out window presentations. I suddenly find myself in a small courtyard surrounded by four walls of shops. I feel like I am in an oven and so does everyone else judging from the smell. I hold my breath, not for the first time today, and sprint my way through the dense crowds. I am feeling nauseous yet I stay on my feet. Just before I almost pass out, I burst through the end of the sea of people and see the gold head at the top of The Monument. It is high. The structure is standing tall and proud like a major in the army. It has no fear. Moreover, I do not fear it. So as soon as I enter I run full pelt up all three hundred and eleven stairs. I feel a sense of respect towards the people The Monument is built after –those who perished in The Great Fire of London. It is the same height as it is distance away from where the fire started in a bakery in Pudding Lane. I am close to the top now. I can look up and see the blessing of daylight again. I feel like I am in a stereotypical picture of running towards heaven, which is usually depicted by the light at the end of the tunnel. I reach the top. I am shattered and out of breath. I cannot take in what I am seeing. The view leaves you dumbstruck. What my eyes are seeing cannot be translated into words. I suppose the best attempt is to call it awesome, although that does not really do it the justice it deserves. The rooftop gardens gently lying on the houses neatly. I could see the river Thames gracefully flowing under London Bridge and all the busy people above it. I could hear the cry of sea gulls calling to their peers, swooping in elegant circles. I could feel the gentle breeze brushing against my face keeping me cool in the blistering heat. I looked down and I saw specks of what must be people gazing at what and me I was standing on. Every building, every person, every attraction and the sunset: it is all perfect. A cloud of red being gracefully drawn over the sea of baby blue that covered London’s sky. It was as if a pair of vibrant red curtains was saying good night to the sky. |
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